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  1. Our thinking
  2. Transformational M&A
  3. Increased vertical and horizontal integration
Increased vertical and horizontal integration
10 key trends in transition M&A
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Potential ramifications of government subsidies and incentives granted to a target require detailed investigation.

The trend to integration is especially noticeable in both traditional hydrocarbon players moving into low-carbon energy, and OEMs moving upstream to secure supply of key transition metals and products.

'A key driver for integrated M&A activity is a need for companies to alter their long-term trajectories, and established business models, to enable decarbonisation,' explains Philip Morgan, Freshfields Partner and head of the firm’s energy and natural resources practice in Asia. 'The European traditional oil and gas supermajors have embarked on an expansive form of horizontal integration within the energy sector in a quest to become diversified net-zero energy companies.'

Diversification on this scale would be almost impossible solely through organic investment. M&A has been, and will continue to be, a key part of these companies’ routes to net zero.

Yet M&A as a means of developing new business lines can be extremely challenging, Philip warns. 'Overpaying or acquiring a flawed asset portfolio will undermine investor confidence and damage share prices. Aside from clear financial modelling, rigorous diligence on all aspects of the target business, combined with an early review of integration challenges and possible synergies, will be critical.'

If a deal is struck, a buyer should be aware that this may be a new and emerging sector, both for the buyer’s management and objectively, Philip advises. 'The full matrix of possible buyer protections will need to be explored to insulate against downside risk, not just financial (price adjustments) and contractual protections, but also available bilateral and multi-lateral investment treaty protections.'

Understanding the current and anticipated future support for the relevant asset and sector at the governmental and regulatory level is crucial. The potential global ramifications for a buyer’s business of government subsidies and incentives granted to a target increasingly require detailed investigation: a number of jurisdictions have in recent years introduced protectionist or ‘level playing field’ measures, such as the EU’s Foreign Subsidies Regulation in a number of jurisdictions in recent years.

Established industries have made new and dramatic moves towards vertical integration.

Further integration has been a feature of the transition business landscape for several years (think automotive OEMs entering into supply contracts directly with mines). But we are now seeing companies throughout the value chain making direct acquisitions and investments into upstream and downstream businesses. For example, in early 2023, General Motors announced that it would make a $650m equity investment directly into the miner Lithium Americas to secure future access to lithium.

Similar steps have been taken, or are being taken, by OEMs such as Ford and Volkswagen to increase certainty of supply of key EV battery components.

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A key driver for integrated M&A activity is a need for companies to alter their long-term trajectories, and established business models, to enable decarbonisation.

Philip Morgan
Freshfields Partner and head of the firm’s energy and natural resources practice in Asia

In the chemicals industry, we have previously seen BASF acquire a significant direct stake in the 1.5GW Hollandse Kust Zuid 1-4 offshore wind farm, one of the world’s largest. Nearly half of the electricity from this project will be used to reduce the carbon footprint of products from a number of BASF’s sites across Europe.

Similarly, creative steps towards vertical integration are being seen in the nascent hydrogen industry, as companies with various outputs, from fertiliser to aluminium, look to secure a key green input that can decarbonise their product offering and secure their future market positioning – both from a reputational and a regulatory perspective.

As with expansive horizontal integration in industries, vertical integration M&A on this level into new and developing sectors carries significant risk and complexity.

Buyers must ensure they have the right sector-specific commercial, technical and legal capabilities to carry out the transaction and mitigate exposures, and this may not be available in-house.

Validating key assumptions surrounding the vertical driver for the transaction and, as far as possible, contractually future proofing the vertical benefit, must be threshold objectives of the buyer’s deal team.

Yet the potentially huge commercial benefits of such transformational investments will still need to be carefully balanced against increased risks, both commercial and legal, says James Chapman, a Freshfields Partner advising on the energy transition, including project development and investment. 'Buyers will likely be less well-attuned to the new sectors and markets they are investing in and the potential headwinds they may face in the coming years.'

In some cases, buyers will also have little alternative but to develop and operate assets with unfamiliar JV partners with divergent agendas, business models and funding requirements, all of which need to be carefully considered.

'Owning, controlling or operating (or appearing to operate) such assets may also pose direct legal liabilities (particularly around poor ESG performance),' says James. 'These legal risks can be managed to some extent through appropriate governance, but the nature of these often-novel legal risks will first need to be clearly understood.'

In the face of this complexity, taking a holistic and multi-disciplinary approach to risk identification and mitigation may be the difference between a transformational and unsuccessful acquisition.

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ESG and sustainability
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Transformational M&A 10 key trends

Transformational M&A 10 key trends

Transformational M&A
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Bundling small projects from SME developers into portfolios to create scale

Striking the right balance between development and generating assets in a renewables portfolio is very important.

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Traditional players moving outside of their comfort zones

M&A and JVs allow for a much speedier move into markets where one partner or target has access to and knowledge of a particular territory or has finessed a particular business line.

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New technology providers and specialist operators entering projects earlier

Parties should anticipate the path to final investment decision and project commissioning, ensuring appropriate off-ramps.

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Geography is critical for many low-carbon technologies

A in new jurisdictions or sub-sectors needs robust diligence, appropriate deal structuring and contractual protections. Allocate more time to scenario planning and contingent downside risk evaluation.

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No business is an island: low-carbon investment requires a full value chain

Sellers unable to credibly explain how key business inputs can reliably support the target business may struggle in transactions.

4 Jun 2024
Setting up businesses/projects to facilitate M&A and realise synergies in future is critical

Balancing the need for the right partners at the right time – providing construction expertise, IP, a route to market etc – with the need for shareholders to exit and recycle capital is often critical in a new business area.

4 Jun 2024
Sources of capital driving M&A activity (and their constraints) are changing

A positive ESG score cannot mask a poor credit prospect, but can positively affect deals with marginal economics and/or in a busy M&A deal market with constrained debt liquidity.

4 Jun 2024
Private capital trends are affecting energy transition M&A

Financial investors are discovering the difficulty of assessing and reporting on the (often varied) ESG characteristics and impact of their investments.

4 Jun 2024
Antitrust and FDI controls are influencing energy transition M&A

Getting M&A over the antitrust hurdle primarily requires demonstrating positive externalities (a climate benefit) that offsets harms to competition.

4 Jun 2024
Outlook for transition M&A

M&A is not the only mechanism by which the energy transition will be delivered, but has a far more important role than many appreciate. More conservative and organic change will likely not be enough.

Contacts
London
James ChapmanPartner
Singapore
Philip MorganPartner
London
Jake ReynoldsHead of Client Sustainability and Environment
Hamburg, London
Natascha DollPartner
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